Design of Traffic Light System

Design of Traffic Light System Contents Task 1 Design Specification Design 1 Complete Block Diagram of the traffic light system State diagram Table Circuit simulation using Multisim software, Task 2 Timing Counter Task 3 Figure 13 (Main red and amber sub amber) Task 4 Remake design LIST IN Tab;e Table 1(State diagramme) Table 2(D type Flip Flop) Table 3(design cost) Table 4(compare table) List in Figure Figure 1: traffic lights system Figure 2(block diagrammed) Figure 3(Moore model) Figure 4 (main red and sub green for 10s) Figure 5 (Main amber and sub red and amber for 2s) Figure 6(main red and sub green for 10s) Figure 7 (Asynchronous counter for timing counter) Figure 8(The Design is 30s counter for main road in Asynchronous counter) Figure 9 (The Design is 20s counter for side road in Asynchronous counter) Figure 10 Main green and sub red Figure 11 (Main amber and sub red and amber) Figure 12 (Main red and sub green) Figure 13 (Main red and amber sub amber) Figure 14(remake design) Design Specification Design specification prepared for a single main and sub -road junction in rural area is given below The green light for the main road will be stay ON for 30s. The green light for the side road will be stay ON for 20s. The amber caution light will say ON for 5s between changes from green to red. Main road and side road timing countdown should display in a 7segment display. Sequence change of the traffic lights show in the Appendix I. The traffic light system for a single main road and sub road junction in a rural area. Complete Block Diagram of the traffic light system Figure 2(block diagrammed) The FSM description stands for Finite state machines. the Finite state machines are the most common controllers of machines. Its In the example Traffic light, the intersection of a main road with a side road is controlled by two traffic lights. FSM has three inputs (T1, T2 and T3) AND six outputs (Rm, Am, Gm, Rs, As and Gs) In here Rm is Red light for main road Am is Amber caution light for main road Gm is Green light for main road Rs is Red light for sub road As is Amber caution light for sub road Gs is green light for sub road T1 time is 30seconds T2 time is 20seconds T3 time is 5seconds Complete Moore model state diagram for traffic light system State diagram Table P.State N.State INPUT Outputs Gm Am Rm Gs As Rs 1 0 0 0 0 1 T1 0 1 0 0 1 1 T3 0 0 1 1 0 0 T2 0 1 1 0 1 0 T3 Table 1(State diagramme) State Assignment in Gray code Here using gray code for states State transection table Here using D type flip flops for design a circuit P.S Q1 Q0 N.S Q1+ Q0+ INPUT Gm Am Rm Gs As Rs 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 T1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 T3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 T2 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 T3 0 0 Table 2(D type Flip Flop) Simplified equations for the system. From Laws of Boolean Algebra ( The equations are, Circuit simulation using Multisim software, Figure 4 (main red and sub green for 10s) Figure 5 (Main amber and sub red and amber for 2s) Figure 6(main red and sub green for 10s) Timing Counter Figure 10 Main green and sub red Figure 11 (Main amber and sub red and amber) Figure 12 (Main red and sub green) Figure 13 (Main red and amber sub amber) Task 4 Item name quantity Price (Rs) 2 pin AND gate IC 5 120ÃÆ'-5=600 3 pin AND gate IC 2 120ÃÆ'-2=240 2 pin OR gate IC 1 40ÃÆ'-4=40 3 pin OR gate IC 1 40ÃÆ'-1=40 2 pin XOR gate IC 1 40ÃÆ'-1=40 Dual JK FF IC 10 100ÃÆ'-10=1000 Dual D FF IC 1 100ÃÆ'-1=100 DCD 7 Segment decoder IC 5 100ÃÆ'-5=500 7 Segment display 5 50ÃÆ'-5=250 NOT gate IC 2 40ÃÆ'-2=80 Red color LED 2 5ÃÆ'-2=10 Amber color LED 2 5ÃÆ'-2=10 Green color LED 2 5ÃÆ'-2=10 wires 20m 15ÃÆ'-20=300 Power adaptor 2 150ÃÆ'-2=300 Total 3420 Table 3(design cost) Remake design Figure 14(remake design) Compare the cost Item name Previous cost (Rs) New cost(Rs) 2 pin AND gate IC 1ÃÆ'-120 = 120 1ÃÆ'-120 = 120 3 pin AND gate IC 1ÃÆ'-120 = 120 0 XOR gate IC 1ÃÆ'- 40 = 40 0 D type FF IC 1ÃÆ'-100 = 100 1ÃÆ'-100 = 100 Decoder IC 0 1ÃÆ'-100 = 100 NOT gate IC 1ÃÆ'- 40 = 40 2ÃÆ'- 40 = 40 OR gate Ic 1ÃÆ'- 40 = 40 1ÃÆ'- 40 = 40 total 460 400 Table 4(compare table) In new design cost is less than old design Reference à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‹Å"à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Mano M.M,Michael D.C. (2008).Digital Design.New Delhi:PHI. à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‹Å"à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Floyd,L.(2011).Digital Fundamentals.10th ed.India:Pearson. p271- 287. à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‹Å"à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  http://www.topssrilanka.com/article24948-new-traffic-ligth-system-atbambalapitiya.html.Lasr à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‹Å"à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2012/06/03/imp01.asp

Bonds Between Mothers and Daughters in Amy Tan’s Joy Luck Club Essay

Bonds Between Mothers and Daughters in Amy Tan’s Joy Luck Club A good mother-daughter relationship is beneficial for both the mother and the daughter. This definitely comes into play in Amy Tan’s novel titled â€Å"The Joy Luck Club.† The story is about four sets of Chinese mothers and daughters, and their first experience of growing in America. All of the mothers want to raise their children in the traditional Chinese way and still allow them to be all that they can be in America. This causes many conflicts between them when the daughters act too American and the mothers act too Chinese. There are also problems when some of the daughters grow and get married to American Men. The mothers influence the daughters with stories of ancestors and eventually the daughters learn that their mothers really do know what they are talking about. Each mother shows their love to their daughter in a different way, and the daughters usually respond to it in a negative manner. There is a lack of communication between the mothers and daughters, which leave a lot of open space for assuming. The daughters seem to inherit a lot of their mother’s characteristics as they get older without even meaning to. In some cases they appear to mirror their mothers. It is as if everything that they have fought against for many years has become them. The Joy Luck Club is a club that one of the mothers, Suyuan Woo started to gather four Chinese women together to raise their spirits. They would meet each week, rotating each lady as a host, eat and talk about things that were going on in each woman’s life. They would play mah jong to raise money incase something came up that they needed emergency money for. Suyuan had twin girls when she lived in China but had to l... ...and that the vase was going to break and she knew that the marriage was going to fall apart if she didn‘t do something. As you can see, each of the mother-daughter couples has a lot in common. They share the same feelings, similar experiences, and a lot of the same knowledge. As rights activist James Baldwin once said, â€Å"Children have never been very good at listening to their elders, but they have never failed to imitate them.† Even if some of the daughters fight their mothers to get along together, it ends up it is for the best. Strong mother-daughter bonds are shown through out the novel and many lessons are learned by the daughters. Each daughter makes her mother proud and in the end that is all that is important. The mothers are just happy that they raised their daughters right. WORKS CITED    Tan, Amy. The Joy Luck Club. New York: Random House, 1989.

Northanger Abbey arguements

Catherine Is shown in situations common to teenagers. She faces frustration and peer pressure. Plus, there are several examples In which the adults comment on the young people, either laughing at their behavior or cringingly it. Sub Argument # 1: Catherine faces new experiences and people in Bath, which helps her identify the significant difference people can have with one another, whether it is good or bad. Primary source quote # 1: â€Å"But, where youth and diffidence are united, it required uncommon steadiness of reason to resist the attraction of being called the most charming girl in the world.Catering's youth helps to make her gullible, or easily trusting. She Is somewhat won over by John's compliments, even though she finds him extremely annoying. Primary source quote # 2: Youth people with be young people, as your good mother says herself. You know I wanted you, when we first came, not to buy that sprigged muslin, but you would. Young people do not like to be always thwarte d. † Mrs†¦ Allen's allows Catherine to do what she wants, thinking that â€Å"young people† like to have it their way.But Catherine shows a lot of maturity by stating that she would appreciate some help In a strange new place. Secondary source quote # 1: â€Å"She raised her eyes towards him more fully than she had ever done before. † This is a climactic moment between Henry and Catherine. By looking at Henry â€Å"more fully,† she sees him clearly and shows herself to him as a more mature adult, rather than as a young youth. Argument #2 – friendship: Making friends and trying to figure out true friends from false ones Is a major part In this novel.Friendships In this book symbolize growing up and maturing_ Sub Argument # 1: Catherine has to eventually give up her friendship with Isabella for a more mature friendship with Eleanor. Primary Source tote # 1: â€Å"There is nothing I would not do for those who are really my friends. I have no noti on of loving people by halves, it is not my nature. My attachments are always excessively strong. † Isabella opinion on friendship is a bit confusing. She is selfish, but her attachment to Catherine seems to be very strong.Isabella seems to hint that she has high expectations for friendships especially when she emphasis's on people who are â€Å"really† her friends. Primary source quote # 2: â€Å"Catherine thought this reproach equally strange and unkind. Was it the part of a friend thus to expose her feelings to the notice of others? Isabella appeared to her ungenerous and selfish, regardless of everything but her own gratification. † Catherine begins to spot the lies within Isabella statements, which leads her to start doubting how good of a friend Isabella really Is.Secondary source quote # 1: â€Å"A few days passed away, and Catherine, though not allowing herself to suspect her friend, could not help watching her closely. The result of her observations wer e not agreeable. Isabella seemed an altered creature. † Catherine beings to actually watch and observe Isabella after being suspicious of her, and she begins to see Isabella as she really is which is disloyal and elfish. Argument # 3 – love: All kinds of love and relationships in this book are also linked to themes of growth and development.Catherine has to learn to tell apart between manipulative love and love that Is respectful and worth It. Sub Argument # deceitful Just as his sister Isabella Thorpe. Later on in the novel, her love for Henry increases significantly. Primary Source quote # 1: : â€Å"This sort of mysteriousness, which is always so becoming in a hero, threw a fresh grace in Catering's imagination around his persona and manners, and increased her anxiety to know more of him. † The words used to describe Henry here, â€Å"mysteriousness† and â€Å"hero,† are related to Catering's â€Å"imagination. These words imply that Catherine m ight be seeing Henry as a romantic, fictional character rather than as a real person. Primary Source quote # 2: â€Å"His first purpose was to explain himself, and before they reached Mr†¦ Allen's grounds he had done it so well, that Catherine did not think it could ever be repeated too often. She was assured of his affection; and that heart in return was solicited, which, perhaps, they pretty equally knew was already entirely his own. † Henrys proposal to Catherine is very sweet and sincere.His sense of humor plays well during his proposal, and since this novel is a comedy his humor may have symbolized love. Secondary source quote # 1: â€Å"Every young lady may feel for my heroine in this critical moment, for every young lady has at some time or other known the same agitation. All have been, or at least all have believed themselves to be, in danger from the pursuit of someone whom they wished to avoid; and all have been anxious for the attention of someone whom they w ished to please. † Catherine finds herself to be stuck in a love triangle. She is loved by John Thorpe and craves for the attention of Henry.

The Great Deprresion if the Inter war Period essays

The Great Deprresion if the Inter war Period essays The Great Depression of the Inter-war years (1929-1933) was the most profound shock ever to strike the world economy. Economists all around the world were looking for answers why and for how long the Depression will go on, they began to ask themselves questions about the capitalism was it the right choice of the economic and political system, which enhance the wealth of the nation, and promote technological progress or Karl Marx was right about the self- destruction element of the capitalism. It is easier for us make conclusions on what happened and why because we can look at event from retrospective analysis of that period of time. To outline the origins of the Great Slump we have to examine the situation in the world economical and political, which was established after the World War I. There was a post war boom ,in the countries whose economies were not disrupted by revolutions and civil war ,and future somehow even looked promising but huge overspending during the war brought inflation and unemployment all over Europe .Anglo-Saxon world tried to keep situation under control by sound finance and the gold standard ,and as Hobsbawm mentions in his book ,they partly succeeded in doing this between 1922 and1926.From Germany , Austria to Soviet Russia, thing were much worse , they went through hyper inflation ,their money value was reduced to basically zero, People lost there savings and this created complete vacuum for of working capital for business. But worse is only to happen. During the Inter-war years the globalization of the economy had stopped advancing; the integration of the world economy stagnated and regressed. We can see that if we compare the figures through mass migration, world trade and international capital flows. In the last fifteen years before 1914 almost 15 millions had landed in the USA. In he next fifteen years the flow shrunk to 5.5 millions; in the 1930s and the war years it came to ...

Spanking Gone Wrong Essay Example

Spanking Gone Wrong Essay Example Spanking Gone Wrong Paper Spanking Gone Wrong Paper wooden paddles, belts, sticks, pins, or others), painful body postures (such as placing in closed spaces), use of electric shock, use of excessive exercise drills, or prevention of urine or stool elimination (Par. 2). Its obvious that there is a variance between what people think is correct terminology when it comes to spanking. Its vital to step back when a situation is escalating to a point of no return in order to give the thinking part of your brain time to catch up with your emotions (Callaghan 142). Its easy to let patience run thin and get frustrated, but this leads to thoughts without actions and thats not okay. Also for some parents a spank isnt enough. Teaching them a lesson shouldnt be hitting a hill so hard it leaves bruises or marks. It may be disturbing but some parents go as far as holding a kid up by their shirt against a door, pulling them up by their hair, and even do exercises such as lifting heavy weights till their almost crushed. It doesnt stop at go to bed without dinner, wash your mouth out, taking away a toy, or locking a child in their room, it can go to the point of abuse. Some moms whove spanked their children agreenot necessarily that spanking was bad for their kids, but that it was bad for them and how they wanted to relate to their kids (Callaghan 132). Being left with regret, in fact, is going too far. Thoughts of l didnt mean it or l should of shouldnt cross your mind when disciplining a child. Its important to treat a child how you want to be treated and teach them lessons for the life ahead of them. When a child is left with a memory of l remember how I was disciplined it should be a lesson learned, not one of hurt. That means it went too far. Spanking also can leave long lasting effects on a child, whether its physical, emotional, or mental. Corporal punishment may succeed in temporarily controlling a childs behaviors. The trouble is the children may suffer from low self-esteem and depression, become overly aggressive, and exhibit antisocial behavior later as a result (Mitchell 25). Parents may think their child wont remember because they are little but thats not always the case. In teaching children to love and in truly loving them, we are called to demand more of ourselves and them (Clarke 23). Think about it, the early childhood years are when kids learn the most. Every parent wants their child to love and be loved. Children shouldnt be scared of making mistakes; they should strive and be exactly who they are. The fear of a spank and corporal punishment can scare a child into a shell they never come out of. Additionally, the spank does travel, and chances are kids will discipline their kids the way they were disciplined. A study by Childrens Voice Magazine says the more corporal punishment, the greater the chance the child is going to be higher than normal in physical aggressiveness, (Mitchell 25). This Just doesnt mean their attitude but further actions such as getting into trouble at school, theft, vandalism, and even delinquency. So whats going to keep them from not hitting their children later in life? Corporal punishment weakens the bond between child and parent it chips away at the bond, particularly if its repeated a number of times. This is a problem for parents who want to be close to their kids and who want their kids to be close to when someone is blessed with a child is that they have received them, they dont have them. No human was born with their children already handed to them at birth. It took time to understand life finding out whom to become, being raised. The way someone raised them was the key, a bond that no one could take away. It shouldnt tater they way someone was conceived, if they were an accident, or planned years in advance, whether they were born into poverty, or a rich lifestyle, to a single mom, a broken home, or even not with their original parents, all these scenarios are still a family. It all depends on how you look at it and its why being raised the right way is a big deal. Spanking takes away the moments of learning and dedication to a family bond. It goes too far sometimes leaving a scar on a relationship with someone that can never be repaired. Hitting a boss, spouse, or parent isnt okay so why hit a child? Devastatingly, sometimes spanking doesnt even stop in the household. The prevalence of corporal punishment of children in schools remains high in the United States and remains one of the few industrialized countries allowing corporal punishment in 30 states (Greensand par. 3). With that statistic, more than half of United States schools are still allowing children to be punished physically. Greensand says the top states for children being hit were Mississippi, Arkansas, and Alabama (par. 3). Its prevalent that the southern United States is allowing the smacks. According to the Office of Civil Rights (2007), school officials, including searchers, administered corporal punishment to 223,190 school children across the nation during the 2006-2007 school year (Greensand par. 3). Shouldnt it be up to the parents how they discipline? If a child lives in the south and goes to a school where corporal punishment is k and then goes home to a house where its okay as well, where does the hitting for making a mistake stop? Medical complications may prevent students from returning to school for days, weeks, or even longer. Reported medical findings include abrasions, severe muscle injury, extensive hemostat, whiplash damage, life-threatening fat hemorrhage, and others (including death! ) (Greensand par. 6). Children are supposed to go to school to learn, giving them injury for their action is not learning. Thats why spanking has to stop. Whether its at home or even worse to think, at school, its leaving long lasting life effects. Its like theirs no escape for a mistake Spanking has also been proven not to work any better than saying no to a child and theirs research to back it up. The recidivism rate for misbehaver by a 2-year-old is about 50% within two hours. Its 80% within the name day. And that applies to whether its Just saying no, removing the child, or spanking a child Mitchell said (25). Children are going to cry, pout, scream, etc. O matter what form of punishment you ensue and chances are they will be back doing it eventually. They might do it again the same day, week, or even month but learning their lesson doesnt always happen the first time. Spanking is like giving punishment without a reason why. If emotions get a chance to calm themselves, with time, parents can talk things out and a lesson has a chance of being learned better then in whapping screaming match. Mitchell a dded, It doesnt take a whole new parent to avoid corporal punishment. Parents are doing dozens and dozens of things besides spanking, even parents who are doing some spanking. If they Just left out the spanking, theyd be doing the alternatives, and their child would be better off (25). A ideas. It may sound cheesy but putting yourself in the childs shoes can be the best thing when it comes between whats right and wrong. Its always best to start from the beginning when having a child, but its never too late to start changing ways. Dry. Esther K. Chunk, a primary investigator, said the findings on the spanking studies suggest that physicians should want to consider addressing the issues of spanking and corporal punishment during routine infant visits, rather than waiting until the toddler years (Bates 25). Basically, what this means is doctors and physicians are questioning whether its right or wrong to question a parent on their discipline and when. If more parents knew the fact of what spanking and corporal punishment could bring so much could change. A lot of parents dont know another way out and thats what the problem boils down to. Theres always another option. Surprisingly, its also been on debate whether corporal punishment is legal or not. Article 19 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child requires states to take all appropriate legislative, administrative, social and educational measures to protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment or exploitation including sexual abuse, while in the care of parent(s), legal guardian(s) or any other person who has the care of the child Said the Committee of European Ministers (peg. 29 par. 2). What this is saying is that spanking may be the next big no-no soon enough. If spanking is violating someone, a child at that, saying no to a child is the best thing to do over a spank. Just saying the word no may take a while but a spanking wont always lead to a solution, it more like the easy way out. Overall, Just once sparing the hand can make a difference. Its important to take some time out to be the best parent possible and remember its never too late to change. Spanking can lead to going too far, long lasting effects, and doesnt work any better than a typical no. A study by U. S. Catholic seed Creating a home environment free from violence will help create a world free from violence (Mitchell 23).

Veteran Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Veteran Rights - Essay Example Investigations in concern with the civil rights provided to veterans and military service members can appear to be intricate for the reason that there are a number of considerable constraints to take in to account prior an efficient response. The most significant rights are granted to the veteran members who meet the valid statutory descriptions of a veteran. An eligible employee is the one who performs service in the uniformed services and has not been sued by a disrespectful or bad conduct demeanor release. Moreover, an eligible employee is separated under all conditions but the honorable, and is terminated by a sentence of a general court martial or by transition of sentence to confinement (Fact Sheet [3], 2003). The federal Legislation seeks for employees to endow reemployment rights to the employees who have served in the military dating back to the World War II. As a consequence, the security as well as coverage for veterans and reservists has branched out substantially. The veterans obtain their rights from several federal as well as New York State authorities which are inclusive of municipal civil service regulations (Report, 2008). Furthermore, a veteran can appear to be an eligible present or former work-person, and not all veterans or military service members are given the right to avail alike benefits. Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act of 1994 (USERRA) The Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act of 1994 or USERRA is a federal law which intends to make sure that the members who have served in the Armed Forces, Resources, National Guard or other associated services are not drawn back in their civilian vocations because of their services. Moreover, the act also ensure that they are punctually reemployed in their civilian careers upon their resume from duty, and are not told apart against in the vocation which is based on past, present as well as future military service (Article, 2009). USERRA secures the job rights of civilians and advantages for veterans as well as members of Reserve constituents. It also generates key improvisations in the defense of the service member rights as well as advantages by means of elucidation of the law, perk up enforcement apparatus, and augments Federal Government personnel to those work-persons who are already entitled to take delivery of the Department of Labor assistance in dispens ation assertions (Fact Sheet [1], 2009). Moreover, USERRA develops the increasing length of the period which an individual may tend to be not present from the job for some military obligation and keep hold of the reemployment rights to five years (Fact Sheet [1], 2009). There are quite significant exemptions to the five-year constraint which is inclusive of the early-on recruitments

Abstract critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Abstract critique - Essay Example The research identified leadership skills that school administrators need to manage an inclusive school setting. The recommendations and findings of the research support the literature presented by the researchers and yields valuable insights for program recommendations. The article emphasizes the need for school leaders to equip themselves with knowledge, skills, attitudes and beliefs to enhance their leadership skills that would eventually create an effective schools program aimed at recruiting and maintaining competent special education teachers. Furthermore, educators must be responsive to the diverse needs of an inclusive school set-up which can only be accomplished by upgrading one’s self. The research combined quantitative and qualitative methods to acquire triangulation that would enhance the validity and reliability of the result. Researchers also employed the assistance of three independent researchers to conduct face validity of the quantitative instruments used. Although the methods are good, the researchers could have utilized more quantitative methods. The evidence was strong as confirmed by the results of the research. For example, one of the results showing the challenges faced by school administrators is â€Å"lack of ability to generate solutions and options in resource mgt.†. At the beginning of the research, this was one of the issues raised by the Council for Exceptional Children presented as â€Å"overwhelming paperwork† which is a roadblock towards the effective management of inclusion schools. There are other similar issues that the researchers raised at the beginning of the article which was later validated by the research. The article can be a good platform for other researchers to pursue studies in order to concretely and comprehensively cover more challenges in educational leadership dealing with special education administration. There